Anderson, Monica. 2015. “A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population is Foreign Born.” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, April.

Connor, Phillip. 2018. “At Least a Million Sub-Saharan Africans Moved to Europe Since 2010.”  Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, March.

Connor, Phillip. 2017. “Applications for U.S. visa lottery more than doubled since 2007.” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, March.

Connor, Phillip. 2017. “Still in Limbo: About a Million Asylum Seekers Await Word on Whether They Can Call Europe Home.” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, September.

Capps, Randy, Kristen McCabe and Michael Fix. 2012. “Diverse Streams: African Migration to the United States.” Washington, D.C.: Migration Policy Institute, April.

De Haas, Hein. 2009. “The Myth of Invasion: The Inconvenient Realities of African Migration to Europe.” Abingdon, UK: Third World Quarterly, February.

Dumont, Jean-Christophe, Gilles Spielvogel and Sarah Widmaier. 2010. “International Migrants Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries: An Extended Profile.” Paris, France: OECD, December.

Malheiros, Jorge. 2002. “Portugal Seeks Balance on Emigration, Immigration.” Washington, D.C.: Migration Policy Institute, December.

Passel, Jeffrey S, and D’Vera Cohn. 2017. “As Mexican Share Declined, U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population Fell in 2015 Below Recession Level.” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, April.

Tankwanchi, Akhenaten Benjamin Siankam and Çağlar Özden and Sten H. Vermund. 2013. “Physician Emigration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States: Analysis of the 2011 AMA Physician Masterfile.” San Francisco, CA: PPLOS Medicine, September.

Wulfhorst, Ellen. 2018. “Millions Making Plans to Leave Africa for Europe and U.S., Says Report.”  London, United Kingdom: Reuters, March.